Ill effects of vitamin D deficiency in men are amplified by lower levels of estrogen, but not by testosterone. Vitamin D is essential to good health, and can be obtained from fortified foods such as milk and cereals, and by exposure to sunlight. Previous studies showed that deficiencies in vitamin D and low levels of estrogen were independent risk factors for hardened and narrowed arteries and weakened bones.

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Low Vitamin D Tied to Estrogen Decline